Copper
Facts about the Definition of the Element Copper
A ductile, malleable, reddish-brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping, and corrosion-resistant parts, either pure or in alloys such as brass and bronze. The most common uses of Copper are in Copper sulfate, Hammered copper, Tubing, pipes – Plumbing, Wire, Electromagnets, Statues, Watt’s steam engine, Vacuum tubes, Musical instruments, Component of coins, Cookware and Cutlery. A Copper Reaction involves a process in which Copper is mixed with another substance which react to form something else.
Interesting Facts about the Origin and Meaning of the element name Copper
The name originates from the Latin word cyprium, after the island of Cyprus. Copper was associated with the goddess named Aphrodite / Venus in Greek and Roman mythology. The island of Cyprus was sacred to the goddess. In alchemy, the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus. In Greek times, the metal was known by the name Chalkos. In Roman times, it became known as Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus.
Facts about the Classification of the Element Copper
Copper is classified as a “Transition Metal” which are located in Groups 3 – 12 of the Periodic Table. An Element classified as a Transition Metals is ductile, malleable, and able to conduct electricity and heat.
Occurrence of the element Copper in the Atmosphere
Obtained from chalcopyrite, coveline, chalcosine
Common Uses of Copper
Copper sulfate
Hammered copper
Tubing, pipes – Plumbing
Wire
Sheets
Electromagnets
Statues
Watt’s steam engine
Vacuum tubes
Musical instruments
Component of coins
Cookware
Cutlery
The Properties of the Element Copper
Name of Element : Copper
Symbol of Element : Cu
Atomic Number of Copper : 29
Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu
Melting Point: 1083.0 °C – 1356.15 °K
Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C – 2840.15 °K
Number of Protons/Electrons in Copper : 29
Number of Neutrons in Copper : 35
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 8.96 g/cm3
Color of Copper : red / orange / brown
A ductile, malleable, reddish-brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping, and corrosion-resistant parts, either pure or in alloys such as brass and bronze. The most common uses of Copper are in Copper sulfate, Hammered copper, Tubing, pipes – Plumbing, Wire, Electromagnets, Statues, Watt’s steam engine, Vacuum tubes, Musical instruments, Component of coins, Cookware and Cutlery. A Copper Reaction involves a process in which Copper is mixed with another substance which react to form something else.
Interesting Facts about the Origin and Meaning of the element name Copper
The name originates from the Latin word cyprium, after the island of Cyprus. Copper was associated with the goddess named Aphrodite / Venus in Greek and Roman mythology. The island of Cyprus was sacred to the goddess. In alchemy, the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus. In Greek times, the metal was known by the name Chalkos. In Roman times, it became known as Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus.
Facts about the Classification of the Element Copper
Copper is classified as a “Transition Metal” which are located in Groups 3 – 12 of the Periodic Table. An Element classified as a Transition Metals is ductile, malleable, and able to conduct electricity and heat.
Occurrence of the element Copper in the Atmosphere
Obtained from chalcopyrite, coveline, chalcosine
Common Uses of Copper
Copper sulfate
Hammered copper
Tubing, pipes – Plumbing
Wire
Sheets
Electromagnets
Statues
Watt’s steam engine
Vacuum tubes
Musical instruments
Component of coins
Cookware
Cutlery
The Properties of the Element Copper
Name of Element : Copper
Symbol of Element : Cu
Atomic Number of Copper : 29
Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu
Melting Point: 1083.0 °C – 1356.15 °K
Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C – 2840.15 °K
Number of Protons/Electrons in Copper : 29
Number of Neutrons in Copper : 35
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 8.96 g/cm3
Color of Copper : red / orange / brown
Valcanoes
A volcano is a
mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface
of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur.
In an eruption, gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods.
The danger area around a volcano covers about a 20-mile radius.
Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be harsh, acidic, gritty, glassy and smelly. The ash can cause damage to the lungs of older people, babies and people with respiratory problems.
Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests.
An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
More than 80% of the earth’s surface is volcanic in origin. The sea floor and some mountains were formed by countless volcanic eruptions. Gaseous emissions from volcano formed the earth’s atmosphere.
There are more than 500 active volcanoes in the world. More than half of these volcanoes are part of the “Ring of Fire,” a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
Active volcanoes in the U.S. are found mainly in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Oregon and Washington, but the greatest chance of eruptions near areas where many people live is in Hawaii and Alaska.
Even though the volcanic eruption in Iceland was relatively small, the ash cloud that was produced disrupted European air travel for six days in April 2010. The eruption created the highest level of air travel disruption World War II.
Crater Lake in Oregon formed from a high volcano that lost its top after a series of tremendous explosions about 6,600 years ago.
In an eruption, gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods.
The danger area around a volcano covers about a 20-mile radius.
Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be harsh, acidic, gritty, glassy and smelly. The ash can cause damage to the lungs of older people, babies and people with respiratory problems.
Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests.
An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
More than 80% of the earth’s surface is volcanic in origin. The sea floor and some mountains were formed by countless volcanic eruptions. Gaseous emissions from volcano formed the earth’s atmosphere.
There are more than 500 active volcanoes in the world. More than half of these volcanoes are part of the “Ring of Fire,” a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
Active volcanoes in the U.S. are found mainly in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Oregon and Washington, but the greatest chance of eruptions near areas where many people live is in Hawaii and Alaska.
Even though the volcanic eruption in Iceland was relatively small, the ash cloud that was produced disrupted European air travel for six days in April 2010. The eruption created the highest level of air travel disruption World War II.
Crater Lake in Oregon formed from a high volcano that lost its top after a series of tremendous explosions about 6,600 years ago.
Kilimanjaro
Elevation: 19,340 feet
Location: Tanzania, east Africa
Location: Tanzania, east Africa
The meaning and origin of the name Kilimanjaro is unknown.
It is thought to be a combination of the Swahili word Kilima, meaning
“mountain,” and the KiChagga word Njaro, loosely translated as
“whiteness,” giving the name White Mountain.
Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa
and fourth highest of the Seven Summits, is considered the tallest
freestanding mountain in the world, rising 15,100 feet (4,600 meters)
from base to summit.
Kilimanjaro is composed of three distinct volcanic cones:
Kibo 19,340 feet (5,895 meters); Mawenzi 16,896 feet (5,149 meters);
and Shira 13,000 feet (3,962 meters). Uhuru Peak is the highest summit
on Kibo’s crater rim.
Kilimanjaro is a giant stratovolcano
that began forming a million years ago when lava spilled from the Rift
Valley zone. The mountain was built by successive lava flows. Two of
its three peaks—Mawenzi and Shira—are extinct while Kibo, the highest
peak is dormant and could erupt again.
Kilimanjaro has 2.2 square kilometers of glacial ice and is losing it quickly due to global warming. The glaciers have shrunk 82% since 1912 and declined 33% since 1989.
Kilimanjaro lies within the 756-square-kilometer Kilimanjaro National Park,
a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is one of the few places on earth
that encompasses every ecological life zone including tropical jungle,
savannah, and desert to montane forests, subalpine plants, and the
alpine zone above timberline.
Kilimanjaro has five common routes to its highest summit: Marangu Route; Machame Route; Rongai Route; Lemosho Route; and Mweka Route.
Climbing Kilimanjaro is easy and requires no technical climbing
or mountaineering experience. The biggest challenge and danger is the
high altitude. Climbers die from improper acclimatization and altitude
sickness rather than falls.
Kilimanjaro
is not a peak you can climb on your own. It is mandatory to climb with
a licensed guide and have porters carry your equipment. This sustains
the local economy and allows local people to reap the rewards of
tourism.
The fastest verified ascent time was by Italian Bruno Brunod in 2001.
He climbed Uhuru Peak from Marangu Gate in 5 hours, 38 minutes, and 40
seconds. The fastest round-trip time was by local guide Simon Mtuy who
ran up and down on December 26, 2004 in 8 hours and 27 minutes.
Mount
Meru, a 14,980-foot volcanic cone, lies 45 miles west of Kilimanjaro.
It is an active volcano; has a snowcap; lies in Arusha National Park;
and is often climbed as a training peak for Kilimanjaro.
Tortoise
Turtles
have been on the earth for more than 200 million years. They evolved
before mammals, birds, crocodiles, snakes, and even lizards.
The
earliest turtles had teeth and could not retract their heads, but
other than this, modern turtles are very similar to their original
ancestors.
Turtles live on every continent except Antarctica.
Turtles will live in almost any climate warm enough to allow them to complete their breeding cycle.
While
most turtles do not tolerate the cold well, the Blanding’s turtle has
been observed swimming under the ice in the Great Lakes region.
Turtles range in size from the 4-inch Bog Turtle to the 1500-pound Leathery Turtle.
North
America contains a large variety of turtle species, but Europe
contains only two species of turtle and three species of tortoise.
The shell of a turtle is made up of 60 different bones all connected together.
Most land tortoises have high, domed carapaces that offer protection from the snapping jaws of terrestrial predators.
Most
turtle species have five toes on each limb with a few exceptions
including the American Box Turtle of the Carolina species that only has
four toes and, in some cases, only three.
Turtles
have good eyesight and an excellent sense of smell. Hearing and sense
of touch are both good and even the shell contains nerve endings.
Some
aquatic turtles can absorb oxygen through the skin on their neck and
cloacal areas allowing them to remain submerged underwater for extended
periods of time and enabling them to hibernate underwater.
Turtles
are one of the oldest and most primitive groups of reptiles and have
outlived many other species. One can only wonder if their unique shell
is responsible for their longevity.
Camel
1. The oldest known camel is Protylopus, appeared 40-50 million years ago in North America. It had the size of a rabbit
and lived in forests. Later, camels spread to the savanna and increased
their size. In Oligocene, 35 million years ago, Poebrotherium had the
size of a roe deer, but already resembled a camel.
2. There are 17 million camels
worldwide. 90 % are dromedaries or Arabian camels and 75 % of the
dromedaries are found in North/East Africa. 50 % of the world’s
dromaderies are found in Sudan and Somalia, in semidesert areas.
15-20,000 bewildered dromaderies roam western and central Australia.
3. Dromedary could have been domesticated in southwestern Arabia between 6,000 to 3,400 years ago, initially for their milk,
while the larger and slower Bactrian camel in Northeastern Iran and
southwestern Central Asia about 3,500 years ago. From Arabia,
dromedaries entered Somalia, 3,500 years ago, and by 500 BC they reached
the Atlantic coast.
4.Camels
are gregarious and well adapted to their environment, the desert. They
can carry heavy cargoes, stand sand storms and large temperature
differences. Camels are called the “desert ships“, and they can swim
when they encounter water. The north Egyptian Lake Borollos has a depth
varying between 20 cm and 2 m. It cannot be crossed by boat or
vehicles, and only camels can be used in this case.
5.The camels’ humps are reservoirs of fatty tissue.
A full hump has 10-15 kg. When this fat is metabolized, it is not only
a source of energy, but yields through reaction with oxygen from the
air 1,111 g of water per 1,000 g of fat converted.
7.
Camels walk 3 km per day looking for food, on average 3 hours, and
disperse when food is scarce. They require 10-20 kg of fresh food
daily, depending on the animal’s size. If working, the food requirement
is of 30-50 kg per day. They spend 8-12 hours per day eating.
8. Camels mate all year round,
but they have a favorable period when vegetation is lush. The male is
extremely aggressive during mating period. During the arousal, he shows
off his teeth, salivate abundantly, and the epidermic glands of the
neck and shoulders are extremely active. He urinates frequently, and
keeps the head and the fore limbs as raised as possible. Males possess
an organ called dulla, like a pink bladder, normally harbored in the
throat. During the rut period, the male throws the dulla out of his
mouth in a display dominance. Dulla hangs like an inflated pink tongue
and at the same time the male burbles, a disgusting sight to most
humans.
9. Camels are gregarious.
Free roaming camels form groups of 6-30 individuals, made of one male,
several females with offspring. The rest of the males are solitary of
form bachelor groups. There may be groups of females lacking males.
10. One of the worst habits of the camels is spitting.
A distressed camel will spit a fetid stream coming from its first
stomach chamber, especially when angry, frustrated or spooked, a real
chemical bomb.
Strange Facts
1. Fingernails grow four times faster than toenails
2. Right handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people
3.
If you rub an onion on your foot – within 30 – 60 minutes you will be
able to taste it – this is because it travels through the blood stream
4.
You can’t kill yourself by holding your breath (if you hold it until
you go unconscious, you begin to breath normally as soon as you do)
5. On one square inch of human skin there are 20 million microscopic creatures
6. A snail can sleep for 3 – 4 years – during which period it does not need food
7. Giraffes can live longer without water than camels
8.
The songs of humpback whales can change dramatically from year to
year, yet each whale in an oceanwide population always sings the same
song as the others
9. To test if a pearl is real, you can rub vinegar on it – the composition of the pearl will cause it to bubble furiously
10. Oysters can change between being female or male
Nile River
The length of the Nile River is approximately 6650 kilometres. It is believed to be the longest river in the world.
Located in Africa,
the Nile River lies in the following countries: Kenya, Eritrea, Congo,
Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia.
The Nile River has huge significance in regards to Ancient Egypt. Most of Ancient Egypt’s historical sites are located along the banks of the Nile River including cities such as Luxor and Cairo.
In
2004, the White Nile Expedition became the first to navigate the
entire length of the Nile River. The expedition began in Uganda and
finished in Rosetta, taking four months and two weeks to complete.
The Nile Delta in Northern Egypt is where the Nile River drains in to the Mediterranean Sea. It is around 160 kilometres in length and spreads out over 240 kilometres of coastline. It is rich in agriculture and has been farmed for thousands of years.
Around 40 million people (half of Egypt’s population) live in the Nile Delta region.
In 1787, the famous Rosetta stone
was found in the Nile Delta in the city of Rosetta. This Ancient
Egyptian artifact played a key role in modern understanding of Egyptian
hieroglyphics.
The Aswan High Dam
was built in 1970 to help regulate flooding of the Nile River. Before
the Aswan Dam was built, years that featured high levels of water could
wipe out crops while years of low level water could produce famines
and drought. The dam helps control these water levels.
Saturn
1. Saturn is the least dense planet in the Solar System
2. Saturn is a flattened ball
3. The first astronomers thought the rings were moons
4. Saturn has only been visited 4 times by spacecraft
5. Saturn has 60 moons
6. How long is a day on Saturn is a mystery
7. Saturn’s rings could be old, or they could be young
8. Sometimes the rings disappear
9. You can see Saturn with your own eyes
10. There could be life near Saturn
Crescograph
A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. It was invented in the early 20th century by Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian scientist.
The
Bose crescograph uses a series of clockwork gears and a smoked glass
plate to record the movement of the tip of a plant (or its roots) at
magnifications of up to 10,000.
Marks
are made on the plate at intervals of a few seconds, demonstrating how
the rate of growth varies under varying stimuli. Bose experimented
with temperature, chemicals, gasses and electricity.
A Bose inspired modern electronic Crescograph was designed and built by Randall Fontes to measure plant movement at Stanford Research Institute for which culminated in a report “Organic Biofield Sensor” by H. E. Puthoff and R. Fontes.
The
Electronic Crescograph plant movement detector is capable of
measurements as small as 1/1,000,000 of an inch. However, its normal
operating range is from 1/1000 to 1/10,000 of an inch.
The component which actually measures the movement is a differential transformer.
Its movable core is hinged between two points. A micrometer is used to
adjust and calibrate the system. It could record plant growth
magnifying a small movements such as 10,000,000 times.
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